THE SCIENTIFIC COLLAPSE OF THE THEORY
OF EVOLUTION
Charles Darwin |
When the
theory of evolution was first advanced by Charles Darwin in the middle
of the 19th century, it was not taken so seriously. The
ideological meaning of the theory, however, caused it to become wide-spread
in a short time. This ideological meaning lied with the theory of
evolution coming forth as an alternative to the belief of creation,
which constitutes the essence of all divine religions. Atheist, materialist
and positivist movements immediately claimed ownership of Darwin's
theory and began to use it as a propaganda tool against the religious
beliefs. It was discovered in the 20th century that the
theory is in fact a complete fallacy and is not based on any scientific
evidence. The evolutionist propaganda, however, did not cease.
The Birth Of Darwinism
Darwinism originated with the book of
Charles Darwin, an amateur biologist, titled The Origin of Species
published in 1859. In this book, which he defined as a "long argument",
Darwin argued that all living species have a common ancestor and they
evolved from one another by means of natural selection.
Darwin argued that, by natural selection,
only the individuals that adapted to the habitat in the best way transferred
their qualities to subsequent generations. These advantageous qualities
accumulated in time and transformed the individual into a species
totally different from its ancestors. Man was the most developed outcome
of this mechanism. Darwin thought he had found the "origin of species":
the origin of one species was another species.
However, Darwin was unaware of the science
of genetics when he advanced his theory.
While the echoes of Darwin's book reverberated,
an Austrian botanist by the name of Mendel discovered the laws of
inheritance in 1865. Not much heard of until the end of the century,
Mendel's discovery gained great importance in the early 1900s. In
the first quarter of the 20th century, the structure of the genes
and the chromosomes was discovered.
These developments were in fact refuting
Darwin's "long argument". Nevertheless, those who were determined
to follow Darwin somehow revised the theory of evolution, which fell
out of favor because of the science of genetics. Consequently "The
Modern Synthetic Evolution Theory" was put forward in 1940. According
to this theory, the cause of the variations in Darwin's theory, in
other words, the power that supposedly caused living organisms to
evolve, was "mutations".
This neo-Darwinism, however, was not
enough to save the theory of evolution. Each development in genetics
dealt new blows to Darwinism and neo-Darwinism. The discovery, in
the 1950s, of the structure of the DNA molecule that incorporates
genetic information threw the theory of evolution into a great crisis.
IMAGINARY MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
The Neo-Darwinist model argues that the
origin of evolutionary modifications are random mutations that take
place in the genetic structure of living beings. The traits brought
about by the favorable mutations are selected by the mechanism of
natural selection and therefore the living things evolve. According
to this model, as a result of the accumulation of the beneficial features
which bring advantages to the living being in its habitat, these modifications,
after a while, take such a form that they can even cause the being
to change in species. The living being that undergoes evolution "promotes"
from a certain species to a more advanced species.
Therefore, the neo-Darwinist approach,
which we shall take as the "mainstream" theory of evolution today,
puts forward two basic mechanisms to explain how living beings evolved:
"natural selection" and "mutation". Either mechanism, however, has
the capacity to make a living being evolve into another being.
Does Natural Selection Have Evolutionary
Power?
Natural selection only selects out the
disfigured, weak, or unfit individuals of a species. It cannot
produce new species, new genetic information, or new organs.
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According to the theory of evolution,
the magical mechanism that formed the first living beings, that brought
together the first single-celled organisms, that taught the eye to
see, that developed organs such as hand, foot, ear and kidney, that
inspires birds to migrate to thousands of kilometers away every year
is natural selection. It is absolutely impossible for a mechanism
such as natural selection that lacks consciousness and wisdom to accomplish
all these things. On the other hand, it is also scientifically established
that natural selection does not have the power to cause living beings
to evolve and to equip them with new features.
Natural selection holds that those living
beings that are stronger and more suited to the natural conditions
of their habitats will prevail. For example, in a zebra herd under
the threat of lions, naturally those that can run faster will survive.
But survival of fast running zebras will not transform these zebras
into another living species, for example into horses. Natural selection
only selects out the disfigured, weak, or unfit individuals of a species.
It cannot produce new species, new genetic information, or new organs.
Stephen Jay Gould |
Stephen Jay Gould, Harvard paleontologist
and a world-wide famous evolutionist, refers to this deadlock of natural
selection as follows;
The essence of Darwinism
lies in a single phrase: natural selection is the creative force of
evolutionary change. No one denies that natural selection will play
a negative role in eliminating the unfit. Darwinian theories require
that it create the fit as well.1
However there has not been a single shred
of evidence observed showing that natural selection causes living
beings to evolve. Colin Patterson, a British paleontologist, who is
also a prominent evolutionist by the way, acknowledges this fact as
follows:
No one has ever produced
a species by mechanisms of natural selection. No one has ever got
near it and most of the current argument in neo-Darwinism is about
this question.2
Why Can't Mutations Cause A Living Being
To Evolve?
Mutations cannot transform a living organism
into a more advanced form and into another creature. They only
cause harm to that being or cause its death. |
We have stated above that the neo-Darwinist
theory presented natural selection and mutation as two complementary
mechanisms. After examining the invalidity of the first part of this
bilateral mechanism, that is natural selection, we can now examine
mutations.
Mutations are defined as breaks or replacements
taking place in the genetic information. They affect the DNA molecule,
which is found in the nucleus of the cell, and modify its structure.
When the structure of DNA is studied,
it is clearly understood that random effects can only cause harm to
such a complex mechanism. Consequently, mutations do not have the
ability to cause a living being to make progress by evolving. Researchers
expert on this subject confirm this opinion. B.G. Ranganathan states:
First, genuine mutations
are very rare in nature. Secondly, most mutations are harmful since
they are random, rather than orderly changes in the structure of genes;any
random change in a highly ordered system will be for the worse, not
for the better. For example, if an earthquake were to shake a highly
ordered structure such as a building, there would be a random change
in the framework of the building, which, in all probability, would
not be an improvement.3
Mutations result in irreversible damages
and the organism whose genetic structure is modified, depending on
the extent of the genetic damage, undergoes changes that cannot be
pre-estimated. If the damage caused by the mutation has happened in
the reproductive cells of the organism, it is also transferred to
the next generation. Eventually, random mutations cannot transform
a living organism into a more advanced form and into another creature.
They only cause harm to that being or cause its death. All hereditary
diseases such as cancer, anemia, and Down syndrome are the results
of mutations.
THE DEADLOCK OF INTERMEDIATE TRANSITIONAL
FORMS
Despite all the researches conducted
and all the expenditures made in the last 150 years, no evidence to
support the theory of evolution has yet been uncovered. However, if
evolution had really taken place, millions of evidence should have
been found.
These "evidences" that the evolutionists
should have found in millions are the fossils of beings called "intermediate
transitional forms". According to the evolutionary theory, living
beings have evolved from each other. For example, according to this
claim, man evolved from apes. Since this evolutionary period did not
last only one day, but millions and even hundreds of millions of years,
millions of half ape-half man creatures should have existed. The same
principle applies also to transition from water to land or from land
to air. Millions of half fish-half reptile or half reptile-half bird
creatures should have lived. These "fantastic" creatures that allegedly
display transformations in the evolutionary process are called intermediate
transitional forms.
If evolution had occurred, hundreds of
thousands of these transitional forms should have reached our day
by being fossilised.
This is the deadlock
of evolution: evolutionists have been making feverish investigations
in order to find the fossils of these transitional links for more
than a century, however there is not even a single trace of the fore-mentioned
transitional forms. Some confessions of the evolutionists on the subject
are very striking. For example, the famous nature scientist A. H.
Clark says, "Since we have not the slightest evidence, either among
the living or the fossil animals, of any intergrading types following
the major groups, it is a fair supposition that there never have been
any such intergrading types."4
After confessing that there is no such
thing as transitional form, Richard B. Goldschmidt, a well-known geneticist
and evolutionist goes on to accept that the species "emerged suddenly"
by saying, "In the fossil record, all present animal species emerge
suddenly without any known transitional forms."
Evolutionists also accept the meaning
of the absence of transitional forms. Living things emerged "suddenly"
and it is evident that to "emerge suddenly" means to be created.
The fact that living beings emerged "suddenly",
that is the fact that they were created, however, are unacceptable
to evolutionists because of "ideological" reasons. Although some scientists,
whose statements are quoted above, admit this, evolutionists in general
do not accept the fact that "no intermediate transitional forms exists".
EVOLUTION FIASCOS
There is only one thing the evolutionists
do against the absence of transitional forms. They find fossils of
some extinct species that lived millions of years ago and claim that
these fossils are "transitional forms". These so-called transitional
forms are presented to the whole world as "great evidences to evolution".
However, none of the several living beings presented as transitional
forms by the evolutionists bear such a quality and this reality has
been unveiled in the course of time.
Darwin asserted that "living beings evolved
gradually." If this were the case, then innumerable intermediate
species should have lived during the immense period of time
when these transformations were supposedly occurring. Yet there
was no trace of these theoretical creatures in the fossil record.
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Fossil Whose "Living" Prototype Is Found
When they only had fossils of coelacanths,
evolutionary paleontologists put forward a number Darwinist
assumptions regarding them. When living examples were found,
all these assumptions were shattered. |
For example a fish called Coelacanth
(Rhipitistian Crossopterigian), which was presented as an extinct
living species that disappeared 70 million years ago and shown as
the transitional form from water to land by the evolutionists, was
found alive in the coast of Madagaskar in 1939 to the great astonishment
of the evolutionists. The same fish was later caught nearly fifty
times in the open seas and it was seen that its inner ear alcoves,
head typed backbone, and swimming pouch, which are the organs which
caused it to be presented as a transitional form, did not at all carry
qualities that would cause the being to be called as a "transitional
form". Furthermore, this fish, which was introduced as "a reptile
candidate getting prepared to pass from sea to land", was in reality
a fish that lived in the depths of the oceans.
Imaginary
Ancestor Of Birds
Archaeopteryx |
The second living being presented as
a great evidence by the evolutionists was a 135 million year old fossil
of a bird named Archaeopteryx. Because of its claw-like organs
on the edge of its wings, small teeth and backbones in its tail, this
animal was presented by the evolutionists to be a "transitional form
from reptiles to birds". But in the following years, a 225 million
year old bird fossil was found in the Western Texas desert in 1984
which refuted this claim. This animal called Protoavis was
a complete bird although it was 75 million years older than Archaeopteryx
which is claimed to be the "ancestor of birds". Besides, the claw-like
paws of Archeaopteryx, which caused it to be designated as
a transitional form, do not mean anything neither. Today, a bird species
living in South America called Opisthocomus Hoatzin has similar
paws.
These claims of the evolutionists definitely
collapsed against the fossil of Archaeopteryx found in 1997. In this
fossil, the "sternum", that is the chest bone, which is utterly peculiar
to birds and enables flight actually existed. This discovery invalidated
the claims of evolutionists that Archaeopteryx was a half-bird / half-dinosaur,
but verified that it was a flying bird in the real sense.
In addition to this, the fossil of a
bird has been recently unearthed in China, which lived in a much earlier
period than Archaeopteryx and had the complete features of a modern
bird. According to the discovery that was announced by famous scientific
magazines such as Science and Nature, this 220 million-year-old bird
shared the same features as today's birds. Even evolutionist publications
announced this discovery saying "The ancestor of birds proved to be
a bird; not dinosaurs".
EVOLUTION FORGERIES
Piltdown Man |
As evolutionists were unable to find
even a single fossil to prove evolution which they allege to have
continued for millions of years, they decided to produce them themselves.
Through television, press and textbooks, they deceived millions of
people by producing false evidence which they pretended to have acquired
after a long research. Here are some of these frauds:
1- Piltdown Man Fraud
A British researcher, Charles Dawson
came out with an assertion that he had found a jawbone with two teeth
and some cranial fragments in South England in 1912. The jawbone was
more ape-like, and the skull was like a man's. It was thought to be
an important evidence of human evolution. Alleged to be 500 thousand
years old, the fossil was displayed in British Museum for 40 years.
It could be revealed only in 1949 that
this was indeed a big evolution forgery. In 1949, Kenneth Oakley from
the museum's paleontology department tried the method of "fluorine
testing", a new test used for determining the date of some old fossils,
on the jawbone and the skull. The result was astounding. The jawbone
had remained buried no more than a few years. The skull was only a
few thousand years old. This showed that the fossils were unearthed
from different locations, were brought to Piltdown, and that the jawbone
and the skull by no means belonged to the same creature.
It was clearly a forgery. Moreover, it
was determined that that the primitive tools-alleged to be discovered
with the fossils by C. Dawson-were simple imitations that had been
sharpened with steel implements. The joints of the jawbone had been
filed in order to conceal the difference between the jawbone and the
skull. The two teeth in the jawbone had been worn down artificially.
Another forgery of Charles Dawson was
to stain the fossils to give them a dated appearance. In 1953 the
researches of Le Gros Clark and J.S. Weiner from the Anatomy Department
of Oxford University, on the skull and the jawbone revealed that the
fossils had been artificially stained with a chemical (potassium dichromate).
These stains began to disappear when dipped in acid.
In the chemical analysis made in 1953
to precisely date the bones, scientists discovered that Piltdown Man
was a huge forgery. The skull belonged to a modern man, and the mandibular
bone belonged to a modern orangutan.
But evolutionists did not give up. They
attempted to support the theory, which they wanted to prove no matter
how, by committing further forgeries.
2- Nebraska Man Fraud
In 1922, based on a fossil tooth found
in the USA, Nebraska, it was declared that this tooth had belonged
to an intermediate creature between man and ape. For five years, this
fossil was presented as an important evidence of evolution. Well known
magazines and newspapers made imaginary drawings with the inspiration
they drew from a single tooth. The Illustrated London newspaper even
pictured Nebraska Man with his wife. However, in 1927, it was revealed
that the fossil belonged to an extinct pig species!
False Drawings
The biased interpretation of fossils and
outright fabrication of many imaginary reconstructions are an
indication of how frequently evolutionists have recourse to
tricks. |
All we have told so far are false evidences
put forward by the evolutionists. However, all those experiences demonstrated
that these false evidence were not of much use and that the reality
is always uncovered in the course of time. For this reason, many evolutionists
preferred smaller forgeries rather than venturing into such dangerous
tricks.
"Reconstruction" drawings are an example
to this deceit. When we look at evolutionist publications, we frequently
come across with such drawings. In these drawings, half man-half ape
figures are usually pictured along with their family. These creatures
with hairy bodies, a bent posture, and a face in between a man and
an ape are claimed to have been drawn by evolutionist scientists supposedly
by relying on the fossils available.
However, these drawings bear no meaning,
because the fossils found only yield information about the bone structure
of the living being. Neither any information can be obtained from
these fossils about the nose, the ears, the mouth, and the hair of
the living being. However, in the drawings, the evolutionists depict
the organs such as the nose, the mouth, and the ears shaped as half-man
half-ape.
CONCLUSION
What have been told so far are only a
few of the evidence proving the invalidity of the theory of evolution
and that it is a non-scientific theory. All the facts proclaimed by
modern disciples of science such as microbiology, biochemistry, and
anatomy prove that the world of living things has an extremely complex
structure and that even the simplest living being has outstanding
features that could in no way come into being by chance. In addition
to invalidating the coincidence theories of evolutionists, these developments
also point out a crystal-clear fact: the fact that life is the work
of an intelligent design and God has created it flawlessly.
