rpk;gd;rpapd; kugZf;fis KOikahf Nrhjpj;j NghJ mit kdpjdpd; kugZit tpl tpj;jpahrkhf ,Ug;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ..

tpQ;Qhdpfshy; kugZf;fis gphpj;jwpag;gl;l tpyq;Ffspd; gl;baypy; rpk;gd;rpAk; xd;whFk;. rpk;gd;rpapd; kugZtpYs;s jfty;fis kdpj kugZ jfty;fNshL xg;gpl;L ghh;jJ rh;tNjr tpQ;Qhd fofk;> gpd;dh; mjd; Ma;Tfis Ner;rh; vd;w rQ;rpifapy; ntspapl;lJ. (1) kdpjDf;Fk; rpk;gd;rpf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy kugZf;fs; xw;Wik fhzg;gLfpwd. ,Ug;gpDk; mjpy; gy Kf;fpakhd tpj;jpahrq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cz;ikapy; Kd;G rpwpjsT kugZit Nrhjpj;J ntspaplg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;l tpj;jpahrq;fis tpl jw;Nghja KOikahd Ma;tpy; ntspaplg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy; %d;W klq;F tpj;jpahrk; ,Ug;gjhf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd;G 98.5 rjtPjk; $wg;gl;l kugZ xw;Wik jw;NghJ 96 rjtPjk; vd;W mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rd;nlyp> vypf;F mLj;J kdpj kugZf;F neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk; ehd;fhtJ tpyq;F rpk;gd;rpahFk;. mNkhpf;fh> n[h;kdp> ,];Nuy;> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; ];ngapd; ehLfis Nrh;e;j 67 tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,e;j fofj;jpw;F ngUk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sdh;. 'kdpj kugZ Muha;r;rp vd;W Muk;gpj;j ,e;j Ma;T> gpd;G kw;w tpyq;Ffspd; kugZf;fNshL kdpj kugZit xg;gpLtJ vkJ ngsjPftpaiy mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; ngUk; rhjdk; vd;gij czh;e;J nfhz;Nlhk;" vd;fpwhh; Njrpa kdpj kugZ Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; jiyth; gpuhd;rp]; nfhypd;];. (2)

kugZ tpj;jpahrk; mjpfhpf;f Kf;fpa fhuzk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; gy;NtW tifahd kugZ NtWghLfis ftdj;jpy; vLj;J nfhz;ljhFk;. Kd;ida Muha;r;rpfspy; tpQ;Qhdpfs; xU 'rpq;fs; epANfhNyhill; nghypNkhh;gp]k;" (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) kl;Lk; vLj;J Muha;e;jjd; fhuzkhf 1.2 rjtPj tpj;jpahrq;fNs ngwg;gl;ld. ,U xw;Wikahd kugZ juthpirapy; fhzg;gLk; tpj;jpahrq;fNs SNP vdg;gLfpwJ. jw;Nghja Muha;r;rpapy; kdpj kw;Wk; rpk;gd;rp kugZf;fspy; nghUe;jhj epANfhNyhill; juthpirapy; fhzg;gLk; tphpry;fshd ,d;nly;]; (indels (insertions and deletions)) kw;Wk; Vida kugZ tpj;jpahrq;fisAk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Muha;e;Js;shh;fs;. mit xd;wpypUe;J Mapuk; tiu epANfhNyhill; nghpjhFk;.

4 rjtPj NtWghL vd;gJ 35 kpy;ypad; SNP fs; kw;Wk; 5 kpy;ypad; ,d;nly;];fSkhFk;.

gpur;rhu kjpg;gPl;by; FiwT

Muha;r;rpfspy; ,d;nly;];fis Nrh;e;J nfhz;lJ Kd;ida Ma;Tfs; ve;jsT ,yFthdJk; jtwhd topf;F ,l;L nry;tJkhFk; vd;gij fhl;LfpwJ. ,ij rpahl;by; efhpYs;s Nth\pq;ld; ];$y; xg; nkbrpd; gy;fiofyj;ij Nrh;e;jtUk;> ,e;j tpQ;Qhd fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdUkhd ,td; [r;rh;> Ner;rh; rQ;rpifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

..ehk; epidj;jij Nghd;W kdpjDk; rpk;gd;rpAk; neUq;fpait my;y. ,it Kd;ida kugZ Ma;Tfspy; 98.5 rjtPjk; Kjy; 99 rjtPj xw;Wik ,Ug;gjhf $wg;gl;lJ. kugZ FwpaPl;by; xw;iw vOj;J tpj;jpahrq;fs; Rkhh; 35 kpy;ypad;  ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ nkhj;jj;jpy; 1.2rjtPjkhFk;. NkYk; gy tpj;jpahrq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf [r;rh; $Wfpwhh;. kw;NwhU fl;Liuapy;> ,uz;L caphpdq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; ,U thpirfspYk; Nghypahd efy; vLf;fg;gl;l thpirfs; gy;NtW tiffspy; rpjwp fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;fpwhh;. ,g;gpuNjrk; NkYk; 2.7 rjtPj tpj;jpahrq;fis Nrh;f;fpwJ. mjdhy; 1.2 rjtPjk; vd;gJ gpioahdJ vd;fpwhh; [r;rh;. (3)

,J xU Kf;fpakhd tplakhFk;> vnddpy; gy jrhg;jq;fshf ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fs;  kdpj kw;Wk; rpk;gd;rpapd; kugZf;fs; 99 rjtPjk; xw;WikahdJ vd;W kf;fis Vkhw;wp te;jdh;. ,d;W mit ,yFthfTk; Js;spakhfTk; ngha; vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ.

kugZ xw;Wik nghJthd %jhijah; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;whf nfhs;s KbahJ.

cz;ikapy;> kugZf;fspy; vt;tpj xw;Wik fhzg;gl;l NghJk;> kdpjDk; rpk;gd;rpAk; xNu %jhijahpypUe;J te;jdh; vd;w thjj;jpw;F mJ vt;tpjj;jpYk; cjthJ. Njspthf nrhy;tnjd;why;> kugZ xw;Wik nghJthd %jhijaiu ep&gpf;ftpy;iy. rpk;gd;rpAk; kdpjDk; xNu #oypy; Rthrpg;gjhYk;;> xNu tpjkhd czT kw;Wk; cWg;Gfis ngw;wpUg;gjhYk;> mtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; xNu khjphpahd kugZ thpir ,Ug;gJ ,aw;ifahd xd;Wjhd; - mjdhy; mtw;Wf;fpilNa xNu khjphpahd ngsjPf ,urhad khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,uz;L ntt;NtW fUtpfspd; ifNaLfspy; (manual) xNu tifahd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (instruction) fhzg;gl;Ltjhy; mit ,uz;Lk; jw;nrayhf cUthdJ vd;gjw;fhd Mjhukhf mij vLj;J nfhs;s KbahJ.. mij Nghd;W caphpdq;fspd; kugZtpy; xw;Wik ,Ug;gjhy; mit ,uz;Lk; xU nghJ %jhijapypUe;J jw;nrayhf Njhd;wpd vd;W thjpl ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;iy. caphpdj;jpd; DNA tpYs;s kugZf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; ngUk; rpf;fyhdit. ,e;j rpf;fiy fzpj Kiwapy; tpLtpg;gjd; %yk; ehj;jpfthjpfspd; thjq;fis mopj;J tpLfpwJ. kugZ jfty;fSk; caphpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; xw;WikAk>; caphpdq;fs; midj;Jk; ,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;lit vd;gjw;fhd cWjpahd rhd;whFk;.

Gs;sp tpguq;fSf;F gpd;dhy;

'kdpjdJk;; rpk;gd;rpapdJk; kugZf;fs; 99.44 rjtPj xw;WikahdJ vd;gij tpQ;Qhdpfs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;shh;fs"; vd;w nra;jpia ehk; gj;jphpf;iffspy; gbj;jJk;> mit Ehw;Wf;F EhW cz;ik vd;Wk; Js;spakhd fzpg;gPL vd;Wk; ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;.,e;j ,yf;fq;fs; ehd;F gj;Jfs;; my;yJ ehd;F EhW ,yf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,e;j fzf;fpLtjhy;> mjw;F khw;wkhf rpe;jpg;gJ fbdkhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j rpe;jid ngha;ahdJ> ehj;jpf tpQ;Qhdpfspd; ehj;jpfj;jpw;F rhh;ghd thjq;fis Mjhpg;gJkhFk;.

,e;j gf;frhh;G epiy njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;. fPOs;s ,uz;L thpirfspy; ,UgJ kugZ Ng];fis (DNA base) Muha;Nthk;. (Ng];> epANfhNyhill; Mfpa midj;Jk; DNA Vzpapd; gbfshFk;). ,it ,uz;L; DNA xNu gpuNjrj;jpYs;sjhFk;> KjyhtJ gG+d; ,d Fuq;FilaJ> ,uz;lhtJ cuq; clhd; ,d Fuq;FilahjhFk;. (4) ,it ,uz;ilAk; rkhe;jpu thpirapy; itj;jhy;> mjd; tpj;jpahrq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. (gy;NtW epwKila Mq;fpy vOj;Jfs; A, T, G, C  Mfpait Ng]; KiwNa  Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine  Mfpatw;iw Fwpf;Fk;)

ePq;fs; gf;frhh;ghf> ,uz;bw;FkpilNa xw;Wikia fz;lhYk;> ePq;fs; $h;e;J ftdpj;jhy;> thpirapy; tpj;jpahrk; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> mtw;Wf;fpilNA xw;Wikia fhl;l $baitfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mij NkYk; xw;Wikah njhpAk; nghUl;L> ePq;fs; ,ilntspfis Vw;gLj;jp fPOs;sthW rhpnra;Aq;fs;.

jw;NghJ ,uz;L; thpirfspYk; Xustpw;F xw;Wik fhzg;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; ghh;gjw;F xNukhjphpahf mikj;j NghjpYk;> ,uz;lhtJ thpirapy; C vd;w ,lj;jpy; xU ,lj;jpy; xU epANfhNyhill; ,oe;Js;sJ (my;yJ KjyhtJ thpir ngw;Ws;sJ).. mjdhy; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; xU fzpf;fpl;lhy;> xw;Wikapd; rjtPjk; ngUksT mjpfhpj;Js;sij ePq;fs; ftdpg;gPh;fs;.

Mdhy; ,q;F ngUk; gpio eilngw;Ws;sJ.

ePq;fs; ePz;l thpirfSld; ,ij xg;gpl;L ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,it kpf rpwpa gFjpNa. ,uz;L caphpdq;fspd; kugZ thpirapYs;s epANfhNyhill;fis vt;tpj ,ilntspfSk; ,y;yhky; ePz;ljhfTk; rkhe;jpukhfTk; vOjpdhy; xU NghJk; ,it ,uz;Lk; rkkhf khl;lhJ. ,J nkhopngah;ghsdpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g> mtDf;F tpUg;gkhdtw;iw kl;Lk; Njh;e;njLj;J ntspapl cjTfpwJ.

,ij ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L kdpjdpd; kugZtpYs;s 40 epANfhNyhill;fisAk; cuq; clhd; Fuq;fpd; kugZtpYs;s 54 epANfhNyhill;fisAk; Njh;e;NjLj;J rkhe;jpukhf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fPOs;s ,uz;L rkhe;jpu thpirfspYk;> Kjy; thpir kdpj kugZf;fisAk; ,uz;lhtJ thpir cuq; clhd; Fuq;fpd; kugZ thpiriaAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. (5)

NkYs;s ,uz;L thpirfspYs;s epANfhNyhill;fspd; xOq;fSk; xNu khjphpahdit. MdhYk; ,e;j ,uz;L thpirfspYs;s ,d;nly;]; kw;Wk; SNP fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ngUk; tpj;jpahrq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j cjhuzj;jpy; 40 kw;Wk; 54 kugZ Nfhh;itapd; epANfhNyhill;fNs xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ij gy gpy;ypad; epANfhNyhill;fis nfhz;l kdpjd; kw;Wk; cuq; clhd; Fuq;Ffspd; Kw;W KOjhd kugZf;fNshL xg;;gpLk; NghJ mit ngUksT tpj;jpahrj;ij fhl;Lk;.

ehj;jpfthjpfspd; rpf;fy;

kugZf;fis xg;gpl;L MuhAk; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jgl;lJ Kjy;> ehj;jpfthjpfs; kugZ Muha;r;rpfs; 'ek;ik kdpjdhf khw;WtJ vJ?" vd;w filrp Nfs;tpf;F tpil fpilf;Fk; vd;W $wp tUfpwhh;fs;. NtW tifapy; nrhy;tjhdhy;> kdpjdpd; midj;J gz;GfSk; DNA fhuzk; vd;W nrhy;tJ. kdpjd; kw;Wk;. rpk;gd;rpapd; KjyhtJ KOikahd kugZf;fs; xg;gPl;L; juTfs; ek;kpilNa cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mjid nfhz;L kl;Lk; tpilaspf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,ij jw;Nghja Ma;Tfis nfhz;L ,ij ehk; fzpg;gplyhk;. Nth\pq;ld; gy;fiyfoj;jpd; kugZ tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; jiytUk;> tpQ;Qhd fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdUkhd Nuhgh;l; Nthlh;rd; $Wfpwhh;:

(kugZ hPjpahf) ehk; me;jsT tpj;jpahrkhdth;fs; my;yh;. ekf;F nkhop> thfdq;fs;> etPd fUtpfs; kw;Wk; kNdhjj;Jtk; Nghd;wit ,Uf;fpd;wd. ngUk; njhifapy; Vw;gl;l rpW vz;zpf;ifapyhd kugZf;fs; tpj;jpahrj;jhy; ,it midj;Jk; vt;thW Vw;gl;bUf;f KbAk;? (6)

cz;ikjhd;. rpW mstpyhd kugZ tpj;jpahrq;fs; rpk;gd;rpia fhl;bYk;> kWGwj;jpy>; tpQ;Qhdpfis rpk;gd;rpapd; kugZit MuhAk; tpQ;Qhd fofj;jpYk; itj;jpUf;f KbAk;? cz;ikapy;> gFj;jwpitAk; czh;r;rpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;s kdpjh;fis> kugZf;fNshL kl;Lk; kl;L gLj;jptpl KbahJ. ,tw;Wf;F ehj;jpfh;fspilNa tpil fpilahJ. N[h;kd; ehl;bYs;s nyg;]pf; efhpYs;s Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology  Nrh;e;jtUk;> Ner;rh; gj;jphpf;ifapd; Jiz MrphpaUkhd> ];thd;Nl ghNgh $Wfpwhh;:

ehk; rpk;gd;rpia tpl ngUk; tpj;jpahrkhf ,Ug;gJ Vd; vd;gJ vkf;F njhpatpy;iy. ,urpaj;jpd; xU gFjp mjpy; Gije;Js;sJ. Mdhy; vk;khy; mij Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. (7)

National Human Genome Research Institute Nrhe;j nfhypd;];> rpw;wZf;fspd; epiyapy; 'kdpjdhf khw;WtJ vJ?" vd;w Nfs;tpf;F tpil NjLtJ gpioahdJ vd;fpwhh;.

'kdpjdhf khw;WtJ vJ? vd;w cz;ikahf Nfs;tpahdJ ngsjPftpaYf;F mg;ghw;wl;lJ. mJ kj rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfs;tpAkhFk";. Nfhypd; NkYk; $Wfpwhh; 'kugZ vJ rhp vJ gpio? vd;Wk; kdpj gz;Gfs; vit? vd;Wk; xU NghJk; nrhy;yp juhJ"

 

rpk;gd;rp kugZ Muha;rpapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l KbT vd;d?

kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpk;gd;rpapd; kugZf;fis ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s ,d;Dk; neLe;Jhuk; nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j etPd xg;gPl;L Muha;rp tpQ;QhdpfSf;F mEgtkw;w juTfis je;Js;sJ. rhd;baNfh efhpYs;s of the University of California vd;w gy;fiyfofj;jpd; m[pj; th;fp $Wfpwhh;:

kugZ vd;gJ xU tplak; rk;ge;jkhd ml;ltidahFk;..mJ vt;thW njhopw;gLfpwJ vd;gij mjdhy; nrhy;y KbahJ.- mJ ePz;l Jhu gazj;jpd; Kjy; mbahFk;. (9)

Kjypy;> nghJthd Nfhl;ghL vd;dntd;why;> juTfshy; (data) NgrKbahJ. mJ nkhopngah;f;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf cq;fsplk; jug;gl;l ePy epw rJuj;jpw;F neUf;fkhf ,Ug;gJ ePy epw gpukplh? my;yJ rpfg;G epw rJukh? vd;W cq;fsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lhy;> ePq;fs; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; fhuzpfshd epwk; my;yJ mikg;ig nghUj;J cq;fsJ tpil NtWgLk;. ,e;j Muha;rpapd; ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplak; vd;dntd;why; ehj;jpfh;fs; $Wtij Nghd;W kugZf;fs; '99 tPj xw;Wik" vd;W vk;ik ek;gitj;jij tpl kugZf;fs; kpf rpf;fyhdit vd;gjhFk;. kugZtpd; kw;w NtWghLfis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ> ,e;j rjtPjk; ngUksT FiwAk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> filrpahf ngwg;gl;l juTfs; ehj;jpfh;fspd; gf;frhh;ig fhl;LfpwJ. cyf Gfo;ngw;w ngsjPf ,urhatpashsh;> g]hNy uhdh> PhD 96 tPj xw;WikiaAk; kWf;fpwhh;

ehk; ,q;F fhz;gJ tpQ;Qhd rpj;J tpisahl;L....Muha;rpahsh;fs; ngwg;gl;l KbTfspypUe;J kdpjDf;Fk; rpk;gd;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s xw;Wikia mjpfkhf fhl;l fLikahf Kaw;rpf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; xUikahd kugZ tpj;jpahrq;fis fhl;lNt Kaw;rpf;fpwhh;fs;. tpQ;Qhdpfs; vy;yh tifahd kugZ tpj;jpahrq;fisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L cyfshtpa hPjpapy; xg;gpl;lhy;> xw;Wikfs; 96 tPjj;jpypUe;J 85 tPjkhf Fiwe;J tpLk;. (10)

,uz;lhtjhf> tpQ;Qhdk; mgptpUj;jp miltijAk; ehj;jpfh;fs; NjhwW NghtijAk; ehk; kPd;Lk; xUKiw ghh;f;fpNwhk;. ,t;thW jhd; gioa cWg;Gfs; (vestigial organs) kw;Wk; Njitaw;w kugZf;fs; (junk DNA) Mfpa thjq;fs; iftplg;gl;ld. ,e;j thjq;fs; gpioahd fhuzpfis nfhz;L vOg;gg;gl;lit. mjhtJ 'vkf;F njhpatpy;iy> mjdhy; mit Njitaw;witfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;gjhFk;. mitfis gw;wpa mwptpy; Kd;Ndw;w Vw;gl;ljd; tpisthf> ehj;jpfh;fspd; thjk; mwpahik fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l ngUk; gpiofs; vdW Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. kugZ xw;Wik gpur;rhuk; ,d;Wk; mNj ghzpapy; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpJ. Kd;ida kugZ xw;Wikfs; vd;W Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;litfs; ,d;W Mokw;w> mtrukhd> tpfhukhd> ngha;ahd mDFKiwfs; vd;W tpQ;Qhdpfshy; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

%d;whtjhf> kpf Kf;fpakhdJ> Ng]; xU vOj;jhf fzpf;fg;gl;lhy;> ,q;F fhzg;gLk; 40 kpy;ypad; tpj;jpahrg;Glk; Ng];fs; 10>000 gf;fq;fis epug;Gk;. (11) ,j;jifa kugZ tpj;jpahrq;fs; Vw;gl fhuzk; ,aw;ifapd; czh;tw;w rf;jp vd;Wk; jw;nrayhd nray; vd;W $WtjhdJ> ,yj;jpuzpay; tbtpyhd kUj;Jt fiyfsQ;rpaj;jpy; (medical encyclopedia) Vw;gl;l Mapuf;fzf;fhd jw;nrayhd khw;wq;fshy;> mit vt;tpj gadw;w vOj;Jfspd; Ftpay;fshf ,y;yhky;> mit Gjpa jfty;fshf khwpaJ my;yJ ngsjPtpay; fiyfsQ;rpakhf khw;wkile;jJ vd;W nrhy;tij Nghd;Ws;sJ.

ghpzhk tsh;r;rp vDk; fl;Lf;fij

Fuq;F Nghd;w xU tpyq;F kuj;jpypUe;J ,wq;fp> xU Gjpa tho;if Kiwia Vw;gLj;jp nfhz;L> gbg;gbahf Gjpa caphpay; gz;Gfis ngw;W nfhz;L gpd;G kdpjdhf khwpaJ vd;w fij etPd fyhr;rhuj;jpd; ngUk; klikahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; kugZ Muha;rpahsh;fs; ,e;j fl;Lfijf;fhd Mjhuq;fis kdpj kw;Wk; rpk;gd;rpapd; kugZf;fspy; NjLtJ tpe;ijahf ,Uf;fpwJ. mth;fs; mth;fsJ tpQ;Qhd mwpT jw;nrayhd vt;tpj fhuzKk; ,y;yhj ,aw;ifapd; gilg;G vd;W ek;Gfpwhh;fs;. ,urhad khw;wq;fspd; gilg;G vd;W jd;id epidf;Fk; kdjpypUe;J ntsptUk; ngha;ahd ek;gpf;ifapypUe;J ntspg;gLk; jh;f;fhPjpahd ve;j fhuzpfis Vw;W nfhs;s KbAk;?

cz;ikapy;> xd;Wkpy;iy.

ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL Nghypahdit> mit gilg;gpd; cz;ikia kiwf;f Kw;gLk; jpl;lkpl;L ,l;lf;fl;l gl;lit. kdpjh;fSk; rpk;gd;rpAk; ghpzhkk; milatpy;iy> midj;ijAk; gilj;j> ,iwtdhy; gilf;f;g;gl;l KOikahd gilg;ghFk;.

Ma;tpy; cjtpa E}w;fs;

1.The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium 2005. "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome," Nature 437:69-87.
2 New Genome Comparison Finds Chimps, Humans Very Similar at the DNA Level, NIH News, 31 August 2005, http://www.genome.gov/15515096
3 Michael Hopkin, "Chimpanzee joins the genome club", news@nature.com, 31 August 2005, http://npg.nature.com/news/2005/050829/full/050829-9.html
4 Jonathan Marks, "What It Means to be 98% Chimpanzee", University of California Press, 2002, p. 25
5 Marks, ibid, p. 26
6 Tom Paulson, "Chimp, human DNA comparison finds vast similarities, key differences", Seattle-Post Intelligencer, 1 September 2005, http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/238852_chimp01.html
7 Elizabeth Culotta, "GENOMICS: Chimp Genome Catalogs Differences With Humans", Science, Vol 309, Issue 5740, 1468-1469, 2 September 2005
8 Karen Kaplan, "Man, Chimp Separated by Dab of DNA", The LA Times, 1 September 2005,
http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-chimp1sep01,1,6338683.story?coll=la-news-science
9 Culotta, "GENOMICS: Chimp Genome Catalogs Differences With Humans," Science
10 Kathleen Campbell, "Leading Biochemist Says Chimp Genome Project is Seriously Flawed," 2 September 2005, http://www.earnedmedia.org/cpr0902.htm
11 David A. DeWitt, Chimp genome sequence very different from man, 5 September 2005,
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2005/0905chimp.asp