ghpzhk tsh;r;rp vd;gJ xt;nthU caphpdKk; mjd; Kd;Ndhh;fspypUe;J Njhd;WtjhFk;. Kd;dh; tho;e;j xU caphpdk; rpy fhyq;fspd; gpd;dh; NtnwhU caphpdkhf khWtij Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW jhd; midj;J caphpdq;fSk; Njhd;wpd vd;W ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL thjpLfpwJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghbd; mbg;gilapy;> ,t;thW khw;wkila gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; MfpwJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

,th;fsJ thjk; cz;iknad;why;> ,ilg;gl;l caphpdq;fs; fz;bg;ghf Njhd;wp ,e;j khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;J KbAk; tiu tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhf> ghjp cly; kPd; kw;iwa ghjp cly; Ch;tdk; Nghd;w Njhw;wKila caphpdq;fs; fle;j fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Vw;fdNtAs;s kPdpd; ghjp gz;GfSld;  Ch;tdj;jpd; ghjp gz;GfSk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ  gwit Ch;tdq;fs; tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Vw;fdNtAs;s Ch;tdj;jpd; gz;GfSld; gwitapd; gz;GfSk; Nrh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fs;> ,j;jifa fw;gid caphpdq;fs; fle;j fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jJ vd;Wk; mjid ' khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fs; ( transitional forms) vd;W miof;fpwhh;fs;.

mj;jifa tpyq;Ffs; cz;ikapNyNa tho;e;jpUe;jhy;> mit kpy;ypad; my;yJ gpy;ypad; fzf;fpYk;> gy Njhw;wq;fspYk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mij tpl Kf;fpakhf> mj;jifa tpag;ghd caphpdq;fs; ,we;j gpd;G gbkq;fshf khwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fs; jw;NghJs;s caphpdq;fis tpl mjpfkhfTk; mtw;wpd; vQ;rpaitfs; cynfq;Fk; gue;J fhzg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. lhh;tpd; mtuJ ' The Origin of Species" vd;w Ehypy; ,t;thW vOJfpwhh;:

vd;Dila Nfhl;ghL cz;iknad;why;> xNu FOit Nrh;e;j neUf;fkhd caphpdq;fis njhlh;GgLj;Jk; vz;zpf;ifaw;w eLj;ju tiffs; fz;bg;ghf Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. . ,Ug;gpDk;> mtw;wpd; Kd;ida Njhw;wq;fs; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; gbkq;fshf kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (1)

mj;jifa khWk; cUtq;fs; ,y;iy vd;gij lhh;tpDk; mwpe;jpUe;jhh;. mitfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk; vd;W mth; nghpJk; ek;gpdhh;. ,t;thW ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;> khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fs; fhzg;glhik jhd; mtuJ Nfhl;ghl;bw;F Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gij czh;e;jhh;. mjdhy;> mtuJ The Origin of Species vd;w Ehypy; 'Nfhl;ghl;bd; rq;flg;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fs;" vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;

KiwahfTk; gbg;gbahfTk; xd;wpypUe;J ,d;ndhU caphpdk; Njhd;wpapUe;jhy;> vz;zpf;ifaw;w khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fis vk;khy; Vd; ghh;f;f Kbatpy;iy? ,aw;ifapd; midj;Jk; Vd; Fog;ghf ,y;iy. khwhf ehk; ghh;f;Fk; caphpdq;fs;> rpwg;ghf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd..,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; vz;zpylq;fhj khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cyfpYs;s vz;zpylq;fhj gug;Gfspy; mij kl;Lk; vk;khy; Vd; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbatpy;iy?..........,Ug;gpDk; khw;wkilAk; gpuNjq;fspy;> khw;wkilAk; tho;if epge;jidfs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> neUf;fkhf njhlh;GgLj;Jk; khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fis kl;Lk; Vd; vk;khy; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbatpy;iy? ,e;j rq;flk; gyfhykhf vd;id Fog;GfpwJ. (2)

,J tiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gbkq;fs; NghJkhdit my;y vd;W kWg;gjw;F lhh;tpd; $Wk; ,e;j xU tpsf;fk; kl;Lk; NghJkhdjhFk;. gbkq;fis ed;F Muha;e;jhy;> tpLgLk; njhlh;ig fz;Lgpbj;J tplyhk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;

caphpdq;fs; njhlh;e;J NtW xU caphpdkhf khwpaJ vd;gNj ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ehk; jw;NghJ tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; caphpdq;fis mjd; gbkq;fSld; xg;gpl;L ghh;j;jhy;> mit gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshf vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,d;wp ,Ug;gij fhzyhk;. ,e;j cz;ik ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fspd; thjq;fs; ngha; vd;W ep&gpf;f NghJkhdjhFk;.

lhh;tpDila jPh;f;fjhprdj;ij ek;gpa> ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fs;> 19 k; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J> ,d;Wtiu tpLgl;l njhlh;ig Njb cyfk; KOtjpYk; Njhz;b nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; fbdkhf cioj;j NghjpYk;> ,d;W tiu khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fis fz;Lgpbf;f Kbatpy;iy. Muha;r;rpapd; NghJ Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;l vy;yh gbkq;fSk;> ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fspd; ek;gpf;iff;F vjpuhfNt cs;sJ> mjhtJ caphpdq;fs; jpBnudTk; KOikahfTk; cyfpy; Njhd;wpd vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il nka;gpf;f fLikahf Kaw;rpj;j NghjpYk;> mJ rhptij mth;fshy; jLj;J epWj;j Kbatpy;iy.

gphpj;jhdpahit Nrh;e;j> Gfo;ngw;w Muha;r;rpahsh;> nlnuf;. Mfh;> ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpj;j NghjpYk; ,e;j cz;ik Vw;W nfhs;fpwhh;.

mjd; gbjuq;fspd; xOq;F epiyapNyh my;yJ caphpdq;fshfNth> ehk; gbkq;fis ed;F Muha;e;j NghJ> ehk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xNu tpilia ngw;Nwhk;- mjhtJ gbg;gbahf ghpzhkk; milatpy;iy> khwhf xU $l;lk; jpBnud Njhd;wpAs;sJ (3)

,d;ndhU ghpzhk tshr;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gtUk; Muha;r;rpahsUkhd> khh;f; rhh;ndfp ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;:

G+kpapd; ngsjPf gug;gpy; mope;j Nghd caphpdq;fspd; tLf;fs; gjpag;gl;Ls;s> gbkq;fs; %yk; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il ep&gpg;gjpy; xU ngUk; Fog;gk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j Fwpg;Gfspy; lhh;tpd; $wpa eLj;ju khw;wkilaf;$baitfspd; jlq;fs; xd;Wk; ,y;iy. ,jw;F khw;wkhf> caphpdq;fs; jpBnud Njhd;wp kiwe;Js;sd. ,e;j Kuz;ghL ,iwtd; jhd; caphpdq;fis gilj;jhd; vd;w thjj;jpw;F tYT+l;LfpwJ. (4)

vjph;fhyj;jpy; tpLgl;l khw;wkilAk; cUtq;fis fz;Lgpbf;fyhk; vd;W rpyh; fhj;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. f;yh];ft; gy;fiyfoj;jpd; Nguhrphpah; netpy; N[hh;[; ,t;thW tpsf;Ffpwhh;:

gbkq;fspy; fhzg;glhj jfty;fSf;fhf kd;dpg;G Nfl;f Njitapy;iy. Vnjh xU tifapy;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd....gbkq;fspYs;s jfty;fs; ,ilntspfis kl;LNk nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Nghtjpy;iy. (5)

cyfpy; caphpdq;fs; jpBnudTk; rpf;fyhd mikg;Gld; Njhd;wpaJ

thd; mLf;FfSk; gbkq;fspYs;s jfty;fSk; ghpNrhjpj;j NghJ> midj;J caphpdq;fSk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Njhd;wpaij ghh;f;f $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. cyfpd; kpf goikahd ghiwfspy; gbe;Js;s caphpdq;fspd; gbkq;fis Muha;e;j NghJ> mit Rkhh; 500-550 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goiktha;e;jJ vd;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jpBnud Njhd;wpa ,e;j caphpdq;fs; gbe;Js;s ghiwfs; nfk;gphpad; fhyj;ij rhh;e;jit vd gbkq;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. mjw;F Kd;Ndhh;fs; fpilahJ. Nfk;gphpad; ghiwfspy; ej;ijfs;> bnuhnyhigl;];fs;> ];nghd;[];> kz;GOf;fs;> n[yp kPd;fs;> rP n`l;[;n`hf;]; kw;Wk; gpw rpf;fyhd KJnfYk;G ,y;yhj gpuhzpfspd; gbkq;fs; gbe;Js;sd. ,j;jifa ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd gue;J tphpe;Js;s rpf;fyhd caphpdq;fs; jpBnud Njhd;wp mjpra epfo;it 'nfk;hpad; ntbg;G" (Cambrian Explosion) vd;W Gtpapay; ghlq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ

,e;j ghiwapy; fhzg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd caphpdq;fs; rpf;fyhdit. mjhtJ fz;fs;> kPdpd; nrTs; (gills)> kw;Wk; clypay; mikg;Gfs; Nghd;wit mjd; ,d;iwa topj;Njhd;ws;fSf;F ,ilNa vt;tpj tpj;jpahrq;fSk; ,y;yhky; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> ,ul;il tpopj;jpiu nfhz;l> xl;ba fz;fspd; mikg;G xU mw;Gj gilg;ghFk;. `hthh;l; gy;fiyfofj;jpy; Gtpapay; Nguhrphpauhd> Nltpl; uTg; kw;Wk; rpfhNfh gy;fiyfofj;ij Nrh;e;j Nuhr];lh; ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;fs;: bnuhnyhigl;];fs; ghtpf;Fk; ghh;it tbtikg;ig Nghd;W ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; cUthf;Fnjd;why; ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ed;F rpe;jpf;f $ba ty;Ydh; Njitg;gLthh;. (6)

,j;jifa rpf;fyhd KJnfYk;gpy;yhj gpuhzpfs;> vt;tpj khw;wkilAk; cUtNkh my;yJ vt;tpj njhlh;Gkpd;wp> jpBnudTk; KOikahfTk; Njhd;wpd. mit mtw;Wf;F Kd;dhypUe;j xw;iw nry; caphpdj;jpypUe;Jk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpailtpy;iy.

ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpf;Fk; gpugy;akhd 'vh;j; rapd;];" vd;w rQ;rpifapd; Mrphpah;> hprh;l; nkhdh];nlh;];fp> ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fSf;F mjph;r;rp itj;jpak; mspj;j 'nfk;hpad; ntbg;ig" gw;wp ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;:

miw gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;> ,d;W ehk; fhZk; kpf rpf;fyhd caphpdq;fspd; mikg;Gfs; jpBnud Njhd;wpd. ,e;j jUzk;> Rkhh; 550 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;> cyfpd; nfk;hpd; fhyg;gFjpapd; Muk;gkhfpaJ. ,J cyfpd; Kjy; rpf;fyhd caphpdq;fis nfhz;L fly;fis %baJ. ,d;iwa nghpa tpyq;F igyh> Kjy; nfk;hpad; fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;fdNt Njhd;wpapUe;jJ. mit ,d;iwa fhyj;ij Nghd;W xt;nthd;Wk; kw;wajpypUe;J tpj;jpahrkhf ,Ue;jJ. (7)

mj;jifa vz;zpylq;fhj tpyq;Ffis nfhz;L ,e;j cyfk; vt;thW jpBnud epuk;gpaJ kw;Wk; ntt;NtW tifahd caphdpq;fs; vt;tpj Kd;Ndhh;fSk; ,d;wp vt;thW Njhd;wpd vd;w Nfs;tpf;F ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il Mjhpg;gth;fsplj;jpy; ,d;Wtiu tpil ,y;iy. Xf;];Nghh;l; gy;fiyfoj;jpd; caphpashsUk; ,d;iwf;F cyfpy; ghpzhk Nfhl;ghl;il thjpLk;> hprh;l; lt;fpd;];> mthpd; thjq;fspd; mbj;jsj;ij Ml;lq;fhz itf;Fk; cz;ikfis gw;wp ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;:

cjhuzkhf> Rkhh; 600 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; Kd;G> Nfk;hpad; ghiwfs;> kpf goik tha;e;jJ. mjpy; ehk; ngUk; ghyhd KJnfOk;gpy;yhj gpuhzpfspd; FOf;fis fhz;fpNwhk;. mit Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa NghNj mit ghpzhkj;jpd; Kd;Ndwpa epiyapy; ,Ug;gij ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;. mit vt;tpj ghpzhk tuyhWk; ,d;wp mitfs; mq;F el;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W njhpfpwJ. ,j;jifa jpBh; el;lg;gl;lit Nghd;w Njhw;wkhdJ epr;rakhf ,iwtd; jhd; gilj;jhd; vd;W thjpLgth;fis re;Njh\kila nra;Ak; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy. (8)

	bnuhNyhigl;bd; fz;fs; Nfk;ghpad; fhyg;gFjpapy; jpBnud Njhd;wpa bhpNyhigl;bw;F rpf;fyhd fz; mikg;G ,Ue;jJ..
'Njd; $l;bid Nghd;w mikg;gpy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd rpW Jfs;fSk; ,ul;il jpiuAk;> ,j;jifa rpwe;j tbtikg;ig ,d;W tbtikf;f ed;F gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l jpiu rk;ge;jkhd nghwpapashsh; Njiy" Nltpl; Nuhg;> Gtpapay; Nguhrphpah;. 530 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; fz;fs; rpwe;j G+ud epiyapy; Njhd;wpaJ. re;NjfNkapy;iy> ,j;jifa mjpra tbtikg;gpd; jpBh; Njhw;wj;ij ghpzhk tsh;r;rp rpe;jidahsh;fshy; tpsf;f Kbatpy;iy. MfNt gilf;fg;gl;lit vd;gij ep&gdkhfpwJ. NkYk;> Njd; $L tbtpyhd bhpNyhigl;bd; fz; mikg;G ,d;W tiu vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,d;wp fhzg;gLfpwJ. NjdP> Jk;gp Nghd;w G+r;rpfspd; fz; mikg;Gk; bhpNyhigl;bd; fz; mikg;ig Nghd;Ws;sJ. ,e;j epiy ghpzhk tsh;r;rpia Mjhpg;gth;fspd; Nfhl;ghlhd caphpdq;fs; gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rpaile;jd vd;gij kWf;fpwJ. (*) R. L. Gregory, Eye and Brain : The Physiology of Seeing, Oxford University Press, 1995, P.31

cyfpy; KOikahd cly; mikg;Gldhd caphpdq;fspd; Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;Fk; xNuxU topKiwahf ,Ug;gjhy;> Nfk;gphpad; ntbg;G midj;Jk; gilf;fg;gl;lit vd;gjw;fhd cWjpahd rhd;W vd;gij lt;fpd;i] Vw;W nfhs;s tw;GWj;jpaJ. ,e;j cz;ikia ehj;jpf caphpashsh;> lf;s]; GLahkh Vw;W nfhz;L ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;: caphpdq;fs; KOikahd tsh;r;rpaile;j epiyapy; Njhd;wpaJ my;yJ Njhd;wtpy;iy. mt;thW Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;why;> mjw;F Kd;G ,Ue;j tpyq;fpypUe;J Vnjh xUtifapy; khw;wkile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ mit KOikahf tsh;r;rpaile;j epiyapy; Njhd;wpaJ vd;why;> mit epr;rakhf ty;yikAs;s ngUk; mwpthy; gilf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (9)

,e;j cz;ikia czh;e;j lhh;tpd; ,t;tW vOjpdhh;:

FLk;gj;ij Nrh;e;j gy caphpdq;fs;> cz;ikapNyNa xNuxU Neuj;jpy; tho Muk;gpj;jpUe;jhy;> ,e;j cz;ik gbg;gbahf nkJthf caphpdq;fs; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpaile;jJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bw;F ngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. (10)

Nfk;gphpad; fhyg;gFjp lhh;tpdpd; fUj;JfSf;F ngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; jhd;> Rtp]; ehl;L tpQ;Qhdp ];bgd; ngq;];ld;> tpLgl;l njhlh;Gfis ,y;yhikia Vw;W nfhz;L Nfk;gphpad; fhyj;ij gw;wp ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;:

',J lhh;tpDf;F Vw;gl;l mtkhdk;. ,J vk;ik NkYk; rq;flg;gLj;JfpwJ" (11)

gbkq;fspYs;s Fwpg;Gfs; caphpdq;fs; gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndwtpy;iy vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. mjw;F khwhf mit jpBnudTk; KOikahd tsh;r;rpAlDk; Njhd;wpaJ. RUf;fkhf nrhy;tjhdhy;> mit ghpzhk tsh;r;rpailatpy;iy khwhf mit gilf;fg;gl;ld.

Ma;tpy; cjtpa E}w;fs;

1 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 179.
2 Ibid, pp. 172, 280.
3 Derek V. Ager, "The Nature of the Fossil Record", Proceedings of the British Geological Association, Vol 87, 1976, p. 133.
4 Mark Czarnecki, "The Revival of the Creationist Crusade", MacLean's, January 19, 1981, p. 56.
5 T. Neville George, "Fossils in Evolutionary Perspective", Science Progress, Vol 48, January 1960, pp. 1, 3.
6 David Raup, "Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology", Bulletin, Field Museum of Natural History, Vol 50, January 1979, p. 24.
7 Richard Monastersky, "Mysteries of the Orient", Discover, April 1993, p. 40.
8 Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, London: W. W. Norton 1986, p. 229.
9 Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983, p. 197.
10 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 302.
11 Stefan Bengston, Nature, Vol. 345, 1990, p. 765.