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\hkd kjk; kio> Gay;> kpd;dy;> fhw;W> kw;Wk; #hpad; Nghd;w ,aw;if rf;jpfis topg;gLk; Kiwia nfhz;lJ. lhh;tpdprk; vd;gJk; ,aw;ifia topg;gLk; xUtif kjk;. mJ ,aw;ifia mw;Gjkhd rf;jpfis nfhz;lJ vd;W th;zpf;fpwJ. mJ fy;> G+kp> #hpad;> kpd;dy; kw;Wk; fhw;W Mfpait ,ize;J caphpdq;fis cUthf;fpaJ vd;W ek;GfpwJ.
- \kdh;fs; mth;fsJ rKjhaj;jpy; jq;fis kUj;jth;fs;> Kdpth;fs;> jiyth;fs;> Ml;rpahsh;fshf ,zq;fhl;b nfhz;ldh;. mij Nghd;W lhh;tpdp];LfSk; jq;fis mNj Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. \kdh;fs; jq;fSf;Fjhd; ,aw;ifapd; ,ufrpaq;fs; njhpAk; vd;Wk; vjph;fhyj;ijAk; $w KbAk; vd;Wk; $wpdh;. lhh;tpdp];LfSk; mij Nghd;W mZ kw;Wk; G+kp> nghUspd; ,ufrpak; jq;fSf;F njhpAk; vd;Wk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; kdpjh;fSk; ,aw;ifAk; khw;wkilAk; fw;gid rpe;jidia tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;.
- thdpay;> caphpay;> ngsjPftpay;> Gtpapay;> fUtpay; Nghd;w midj;Jk; tpQ;Qhdk;. Mdhy; lhh;tpdprk; vd;gJ tpQ;Qhdky;y> mJ gz;ila \kd kjkhFk;.
lhh;tpdp];Lfspd; jw;Nghja ek;gpf;if Kw;fhyj;jpy; Kjiyfis tzq;fpath;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia Nghd;wJ. lhh;tpdp];Lfs; jw;nrayhf> mirtw;w> czh;tw;w mZf;fis cUthf;Fk; rf;jpahf fUJtjhy;> kjj;ij ek;Gtij Nghd;W mij ek;Gfpd;wdh; |
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ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ Kjy;> tpQ;Qhd fpisfspy; (caphpay;> ngsjPftpay;) Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf mf;Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;Jfis NtuWj;J tpl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;Wk; lhh;tpdprk; rPlh;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghJthf xU tpQ;Qhd fUj;J gpionad ep&gpf;fg;gl;lTld;> mJ xJf;fg;gl;L> mjDld; njhlh;Gila tpthjq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;J ghpkhw;wq;fs; midj;Jk; epwj;jg;gl;LtpLk;. Mdhy; lhh;tpdprj;jpy; mt;thW epfotpy;iy. lhh;tpdp];Lfs; jq;fsJ Nfhl;ghl;bw;F vjpuhd fUj;Jfs; kWf;f KbahJ tYg;ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk; lhh;tpdp];Lfs; mij Gwe;js;sp tpl;L njhlh;e;J mth;fSila ek;gpf;ifia epiyehl;l fLikahf Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdh;.
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ghpzhkthjpfs; xU trpj;jpukhd rf;jpapy; ek;gpf;if itj;Js;sdh;. mth;fs; nghUSf;F nja;tPf me;j];ij nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; nghUs; jd;id ,izj;J xU capUs;s nry;yhf cUthdJ. gpwF mJ Kw;wpYk; tpj;jpahrkhd ,d;ndhd;iw cUthf;fpaJ vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;. tpQ;Qhdk; ,j;jifa rpe;jidfis kWf;fpwJ. Mdhy; lhh;tpdp];Lfis nghUj;jtiuapy; mit kWf;f Kbahj cz;ikfs; vd;Wk; mij midtUk; Vw;W nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
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lhh;tpdpr kjj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa caph; ehbahd jw;nray; vDk; klikahd ek;gpf;ifahdJ tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fk;> gFj;jwptpw;Fk; vjpuhdJ. cz;ikapy; ve;j xU gFj;jwpTs;s rpe;jidAk; kpf rpf;fyhd xU mikg;G jw;nrayhf cUthf KbahJ vd;gij Vw;W nfhs;Sk;. mjw;F khwhf mt;thW rpf;fyhd mikg;G cUthtnjd;why; epr;rakhf mjpy; mwpthh;e;j xU ngUk; rf;jpapd; jpl;lk; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jq;fsJ iffshy; rpiyfis tbtikj;J mjw;F ngah; #b mjw;F cz;z czT nfhLj;J gpd;G mij tzq;Fgth;fis Nghd;W lhh;tpdp];LfSk; ngha;ahd flTs;fspy; ek;gpf;if itj;js;sdh;.
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lhh;tpdp];Lf;s Vw;W nfhz;l klikahd ek;gpf;if gz;ila gy nja;t tzq;fpfspd; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifNahL njhlh;Ggl;Ls;sJ. gz;ila gy nja;t tzq;fpfs; mirtw;w rpiyfs; jhd; midj;ijAk; gilj;jd vd;W ek;gpdhh;fs;. mij Nghd;W jhd; ghpzhkthjpfs; mirtw;w nghUs; midj;J caphpdq;fisAk; gilj;Js;sd vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;. (epr;rakhf ,iwtd; ,ij tpl;Lk; J}atd;). mth;fsJ clYk; gy jw;nrayhd nray;fshy; cUthdJ vd;W thjpLfpd;wdh;.
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JUf;fp nghJ kf;fs; mth;fsJ ehl;bYs;s ghpzhkthjpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jfis vs;sp eifahLfpwhh;fs;. ,jw;F fhuzk; mth;fshy; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;ij Mf;Nuh\khfTk; gpioahfTk; epWt KbahikahFk;. mth;fsplk; Mjhuq;fs; ,Ue;jhy;> mtw;iw mth;fs; rkh;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjd; %yk; midtUk; mtw;iw Muhae;J rhpahditfisAk; gpioiaAk; gphpj;jhpa KbAk;. ehL KOtJk; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;l gbkq;fs; %yk; caphpdq;fs; ghpzhkk; milatpy;iy vd;gij JUf;fp kf;fis czh;e;J nfhz;ldh;.
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ghpzhkthjpfsplk; gbkq;fs; VjhtJ ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw nghJ fhl;rpf;F itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpy; rpytw;iwahtJ kj;jpa epiyaq;fs; my;yJ kf;fs; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jk; ,lq;fspy; ghh;itf;F itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fshy; Kbahtpl;lhy; mth;fsJ Kl;lhs;jdkhf ghpzhkj;ij Mjhpg;gij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. kf;fsplk; fhz;gpf;f mth;fsplk; ,il epiy gbkq;fs; ,y;iy. Vnddpy; mj;jifaitfs; xUNghJk; Njhd;wtpy;iy.
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ghpzhkj;ij ep&gpg;gjw;fhf ghpzhkthjpfs; Kd;itj;j xt;nthU gbkKk; ngha;ahdit my;yJ gpioahf cgNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf gpy;lTd; kdpjd; vd;gJ fl;Lf;fijahdJ. Neg;u];fh kdpjdpd; gy; fubapd; gbkj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. mope;J Nghd caphpdk; vd;W $wg;gl;l nfhy;fhd;e;j; vd;w kPd; capUld; gpbg;glL 1938 Kjy; khw;wkilahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. kdpj ghpzhkk; vd;w fl;Lf;fijf;fhf jahhpf;fg;gl;l midj;J kz;il XL kw;Wk; vYk;G Jz;Lfs; ,d;iwa kdpjDilaJ my;yJ mope;J Nghd Fuq;F ,dj;JilaJ vd;gJ ep&gzkhAs;sJ.
ghpzhkthjpfs; xU NghJk; Njhd;wpapuhj caphpdq;fis fw;gid nra;J Xtpah;fis thliff;F mkh;j;jp Gjpa mikg;Gfis tiue;J mtw;iw nfhz;L ghpzhk tsh;r;rp vd;gJ tpQ;Qhd cz;ik vd;gjhf kf;fis ek;g itf;f Kw;gLfpd;wdh;. ,e;j ngha;ahd jfty;fs; gj;jphpf;iffspy;> rQ;rpiffspy; kw;Wk mUq;fhl;rpafq;fspy; ghh;itf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; ,ij mjid cUthf;fpath;fspd; fw;gid jtpu Ntwpy;iy. ,tw;iw gbkq;fspy; fhz Kbatpy;iy. ghpzhkthjpfs; mth;fspd; iffshy; gilf;fgl;l ngha;ahd jfty;fspy; ,Wjpahf tpOe;J ,e;j ngha;ahd lhh;tpdpr kjj;ij ek;Gfpd;wdh;. |
lhh;tpdp];Lfspd; \hkd kj fUj;Jfis tpQ;Qhdk; kWf;fpwJ.
lhh;tpdpr \hkd kjk; $WfpwJ
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etPd tpQ;Qhdk; $WfpwJ. |
Kjy; caphpdk; jw;nrayhf cUthdJ |
caphpdq;fs; jw;nrayhf cUthf KbahJ. xU jdp GujNkh my;yJ xU rhjhuz nry; my;yJ KO caphpdKk; jw;nrayhf cUthfNt KbahJ vd;W etPd tpQ;Qhdk; $WfpwJ. xU Gujk; jw;nrayhf cUthtJ vd;gJ 10950 ,y; 1 vd;w rhj;jpa tPjj;jpyhFk;. eilKiwapy; ,J G+[;[pa rhj;jpa tPjkhFk;. mjhtJ xUNghJk; epfohJ. |
| caphpdq;fs; Kd;ida mgptpUj;jp milahj %jhijahpypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ |
xU caphpdj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU caphpdk; Njhd;w KbahJ. Xt;nthU caphpdj;jpw;Fk; mjw;Fwpa jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU caphpdj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU caphpdk; gbg;gbahf khw;wkile;J xU GJ caphpdkhf Njhd;w KbahJ |
gbkq;fs; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp jpl;lj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ |
gbkq;fs; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpia kWj;J midj;Jk; gilf;fg;gl;ld vd;gij fhl;LfpwJ. Rkhh; 1000 yl;rk; gbkq;fs; ,d;W tiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit midj;Jk; KOikaile;j ed;F mgptpUj;jpaile;ij fhl;Lfpd;wd. xU gbkj;jpy; $l mJ ghpzhkk; mile;jjw;fhd ve;j rhd;Wk; ,y;iy |
khw;wq;fs; %yk; gy caphpdq;fs; Njhd;wpd |
khw;wq;fs; caphpdq;fis mopf;FNk jtpu mij NtnwhU caphpdkhf khw;whJ. mt;thW khw;wkile;jhy; me;j caphpdk; mope;JtpLk; my;yJ KlkhfptpLk; |
kdpjd; Fuq;F Nghd;w caphpdq;fspypUe;J ghpzhkk; mile;jhd; |
kdpjDk; Fuq;Fk; kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhd caphpdq;fs;. mtw;Wf;fpilNa ve;jtpj FLk;g xw;WikAk; fpilahJ. cUt xw;Wik ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mtw;Wf;fpilNa kiyasT tpj;jpahrq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; mtw;iw ghpzhkj;ij nfhz;L tpsf;f KbahJ |
,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;if njhpT ghpzhkj;jpw;fhd rhd;W |
,aw;if njhpT %yk; ghpzhkNkh my;yJ NtnwhU GJ caphpdNkh Njhd;w KbahJ |
ghpzhkthjpfspd; ,uz;L ngha;fs;:
bf;lhypf; Nuhrpah kw;Wk; FFdhr];
rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd; fdlhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L bf;lhypf; Nuhrpah vd;W ngahplg;gl;l ,e;j gbkk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpf;F ngUk; rhd;whf gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. cz;ikapy; ,e;j caphpdk; gy caphpdq;fspd; gz;Gfis nfhz;l nkhrhapf; caphpdkhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ghpzhkthjpfs; gpioahd glq;fis fhl;b ,J ePhpypUe;J epyj;jpw;F khw;wkile;jJ vd;gij ep&gpg;gjw;fhf ,e;j caphpdj;ij ,il epiy caphpdk; vd;W fhl;l Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;W mT];jpNuypahtpy; fhzg;gLk; gpshbg]; vd;w caphpdk; ,ij Nghd;w nkhrhapf; ,d caphpdkhFk;. Nkhrhapf; caphpdk; vd;gJ kpUfq;fs;> Ch;td kw;Wk; gwitfspd; gz;Gfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; xU caphpdj;jpy; ,ize;J fhzg;gLtjhFk;. ,ij ghpzhkj;jpw;fhd rhd;whf nfhs;s KbahJ.
rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; gy tUlq;fshf tpLgl;l ,il epiy vd;w mth;fspd; fw;gid fijf;F cap&l;l ghpzhkthjpfs; mT];jpNuypahtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU gbkj;Jld; te;Js;sdh;. FFdhr]; vd;w ,e;j Gjpa gbkk; cz;ikapy; mope;J Nghd xU tif kPd; ,dNk jtpu ghpzhkj;jpw;Fk; mjw;Fk; ve;j njhlh;Gk; ,y;iy. mjd; thy; gf;fj;jpy; Ks; ,Ug;gjhy; mij ghpzhkthjpfspd; ePhpypUe;J epyj;jpw;F khw;wkile;j fl;Lf;fijf;fhd rhd;whf cgNahfpf;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; gbkj;jpYs;s caphpdk; epy caphpdq;fSld; Kw;W KOjhf njhlh;gpy;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;Wk; capUld; ,Uf;Fk; nfhynfhd;e;j; ,d kPd;fSf;F thy; gf;fj;jpy; Ks; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,J kPdpd; clypYs;s rhjhuz mikg;G vd;Wk; ePe;Jtjw;F kl;LNk ,ij cgNahfpf;fpwJ vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghpzhkthjpfs; mth;fspd; fw;gidfis ep&gpg;gjw;F ghjp tpUj;jpaile;j Mdhy; Kw;W KOjhf ,aq;f Kbahj ,ilepiy mikg;Gfis (intermediate forms) fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j gbkq;fspYs;s caphpdq;fspd; cWg;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; FiwghLfsw;w Kw;W KOjhf tpUj;jpaile;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. mq;F ghjp tpUj;jpaile;j cWg;Gfs; vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lkpy;iy. gbk thpirapy; xU caphpdj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU caphpdk; ghpzhkk; mile;jjw;fhd ve;j rhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
ghpzhkthjpfs; jq;fsJ gpiofis Vw;W nfhz;L nghJ kf;fis Vkhw;Wtij tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;.
Raey ghpzhkthjpfspd; Gjpa rjp tiyfs;
rkPg fhykhf JUf;fp kw;Wk; cyf kPBahf;fspy; cyfyhtpa hPjpapy; lhh;tpdprj;jpd; Njhy;tpia gw;wp mjph;r;rp nra;jpfis ntspapl;Ls;sd. ghpzhkk; Njhw;fbf;fgl;lik [Nuhg;gpa g;hP Nkrd; kw;Wk; ,ju ,ufrpa rf;jpfspy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,itfs; ehj;jpfk; Njhw;fbf;fgl;L tpLk; vd;w gaj;jpy; ngUk; rjptiy gpd;Dfpd;wd. gphpj;jhdpa kw;Wk; gpuQ;R nraypy; ,wq;fpAs;sd. gopjPh;gjw;fhf rghjpa FLk;gq;fASk; ,jpy; <LgLfpd;wd. gy vOj;jhsh;fs; thliff;F mkh;jg;gl;L ngUk; rjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpa Fwpahf fUjg;gLtJ tpQ;Qhd Ma;T fofkhFk;.
vjph;fhyj;jpy;> ,we;j fhyj;ij Nghd;W ,it gyd; jug;Nghtjpy;iy. kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fs; jw;NghJ ele;J nfhz;bUg;gtw;iw ghh;j;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. xU Gjpa #hpad; cjakhfptpl;lJ. mjd; xsp cyfk; KOtJk; xspA+l;LfpwJ. cz;ikia Vw;W nfhs;tJ jhd; ghpzhkthjpfSf;F vQ;rpAs;s xU tpUg;ghFk;.
,];yhk; gy nja;t tzf;fq;fis jhd; vjph;fpwJ : tpQ;Qhdj;ij my;y.
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; midj;J fpisfisAk; ghpNrhjpj;J Ma;T nra;AkhW kf;fis tw;GWj;JfpwJ :
..............thdq;fs;> G+kp Mfpatw;wpd; gilg;igg; gw;wpAk; rpe;jpj;J ....... (#uj; My-,k;whd; : 191)
NkypUf;Fk; thdj;ij ehk; vt;thW mij mikj;J> mij moF nra;J> mjpy; vt;tpj ntbg;GfSk; ,y;yhky; (Mf;fpapUf;fpd;Nwhk;) vd;gij mtHfs; ghHf;ftpy;iyah? (#uj; fhg;/ : 6)
...............(kdpjNd) mHu`;khdpd; gilg;gpy; Fiwia ePH fhzkhl;BH¢ gpd;Dk; (xU Kiw) ghHitia kPl;bg;ghH!....... (#uj; Ky;f; : 3)
xl;lfj;ij mtHfs; ftdpf;f Ntz;lhkh? mJ vt;thW gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;W - thdj;ij mJ vt;thW caHj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ? vd;Wk - kiyfisAk; mit vg;gb ehl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd? - G+kp mJ vg;gb tphpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ? (vd;Wk; mtHfs; ftdpf;f Ntz;lhkh?) (#uj; fh\pah 17-20)
epr;rakhf thdq;fspYk;> G+kpapYk; mj;jhl;rpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,d;Dk; cq;fisg; gilj;jpUg;gjpYk;> mtd; capHg; gpuhzpfisg; gug;gpapUg;gjpYk; (ek;gpf;ifapy;) cWjpAs;s r%fj;jhUf;F mj;jhl;rpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. (#uj; [h]pah 3-4)
MfNt tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fk; ,];yhj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlh;G ,y;iy vd;W $w KbahJ.
,];yhk; ngha;ahd kjq;fis vjph;fpwJ. mJ neUg;G> kpUfq;fs;> rpiyfs; - Nghd;wtw;iw tzq;Ftij vjph;fpwJ. RUq;f nrhd;dhy;> midj;Jtpj gynja;t nfhs;iffisAk; vjph;fpwJ. \hkd kjk; ,aw;ifiaAk; (kpUfq;fs;> jhtuq;fs;> fw;fs;> G+kp> mZ) kw;Wk; jw;nraiyAk; (change) tzq;FfpwJ. lhh;tpdprk; \hkd Nfhl;ghLfis nfhz;bUg;gjhy; mJ ,];yhj;Jld; NkhJfpwJ.
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